Image Adjustment

ABSTRACT

Techniques are disclosed relating to automatically adjusting images. In one embodiment, an image may be automatically adjusted based on a regression model trained with a database of raw and adjusted images. In one embodiment, an image may be automatically adjusted based on a model trained by both a database of raw and adjusted images and a small set of images adjusted by a different user. In one embodiment, an image may be automatically adjusted based on a model trained by a database of raw and adjusted images and predicted differences between a user&#39;s adjustment to a small set of images and a predicted adjustment based on the database of raw and adjusted images.

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This application claims benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/351,254 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Automatic Global Photograph Adjustment” filed Jun. 3, 2010, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

This disclosure relates generally to image adjustment and, more specifically, to automatic image adjustments.

2. Description of the Related Art

Adjusting photographs is a tedious process that requires skill and time. The difference between a picture that comes straight from the camera and a carefully adjusted one can be dramatic just by balancing the tones and revealing the interplay of light. To adjust a photograph, photographers need to consider the image content and the tonal challenges it presents. Even adjusting contrast and tonal balance is challenging because it must take into account the photo subject and lighting conditions.

Decision factors in photograph adjusting are often subjective and cannot be directly embedded into algorithmic procedures. Some photo editing packages offer automatic adjustment, however, many offer a simple heuristic that fails to address more complex adjustments that depend upon scene characteristics such as low versus high key, scenes with back-lighting, or other difficult lighting situations. Other packages may apply simple rules, such as fixing the black and white points of the image to the darkest and brightest pixels. Although this may work in simple cases, these approaches fail in more complex examples, in which a photographer would apply more sophisticated modifications. Because of the complexities inherent in photograph adjusting, rule-based automatic techniques for adjusting photographs often fail.

SUMMARY

This disclosure describes techniques and structures that facilitate automatic global image adjustment. In one embodiment, a new image may be automatically globally adjusted based on a regression algorithm trained with a database of raw and adjusted images. The regression algorithm may generate a plurality of curves that may relate one or more parameters, such as tonal parameters, from the raw images to corresponding adjusted images. In one embodiment, the trained algorithm may automatically globally adjust a new image by performing a weighted combination of the plurality of curves and applying the weighted combination of curves to the new image. In one embodiment, a new image may be automatically globally adjusted based on a regression algorithm trained on the database of raw and adjusted images and adjustments made by a different user to a subset of the raw images. A correlation between the database of raw and adjusted images and the adjustments made by a different user may be computed. The computed correlation, or transferred adjustment, may be applied to a new image to automatically globally adjust the new image. In one embodiment, a new image may be automatically globally adjusted based on a regression algorithm trained on the database of raw and adjusted images and an adjustment offset. The adjustment offset may be determined by the trained regression algorithm predicting curves for the small set of images, and computing the difference between the predicted curves and adjustments the user made to the small set of images. A new image may be automatically globally adjusted by applying a weighted combination of the plurality of curves and the adjustment offset to the new image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example module that may implement an automatic image adjustment method, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 2A-2F show an example of a raw image and examples of corresponding adjusted images.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for globally adjusting an image, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for globally adjusting an image based on a user's adjustments, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for globally adjusting an image by using the difference between a predicted adjustment and a user's adjustment, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example computer system that may be used in embodiments.

FIG. 7A illustrates an example categorization of an image database that may be used in various embodiments,

FIG. 7B illustrates a sample ranking of adjusted images that may be used in various embodiments.

FIG. 8 shows prediction errors for several techniques of predicting a user's adjustment.

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate example prediction errors, according to various embodiments.

While the disclosure is described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description. As used throughout this application, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words “include”, “including”, and “includes” mean including, but not limited to.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, methods, apparatuses or systems that would be known by one of ordinary skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter.

Some portions of the detailed description which follow are presented in terms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on binary digital signals stored within a memory of a specific apparatus or special purpose computing device or platform. In the context of this particular specification, the term specific apparatus or the like includes a general purpose computer once it is programmed to perform particular functions pursuant to instructions from program software. Algorithmic descriptions or symbolic representations are examples of techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the signal processing or related arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and is generally, considered to be a self-consistent sequence of operations or similar signal processing leading to a desired result. In this context, operations or processing involve physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, although not necessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, data, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these or similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining” or the like refer to actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computing device. In the context of this specification, therefore, a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computing device is capable of manipulating or transforming signals, typically represented as physical electronic or magnetic quantities within memories, registers, or other information storage devices, transmission devices, or display devices of the special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device.

Various embodiments of automatic global image adjustment are described. In embodiments, a number of raw images and corresponding adjusted images may be provided to an automatic image adjustment module. A supervised learning module may relate one or more parameters of each raw image to its corresponding adjusted image and generate a curve that describes the adjustments. In some embodiments, the supervised learning module may train a regression algorithm to perform a weighted combination of the curves. The automatic image adjustment module may receive a new image and globally adjust one or more parameters of the new image to create an adjusted new image. In one embodiment, the automatic image adjustment module may apply the trained regression algorithm to the new image. In one embodiment, the automatic image adjustment module may receive a user's adjustments to a subset of the raw images and compute a transferred adjustment, which may model the user's image adjustments. The transferred adjustment may then be applied to a new image. In one embodiment, the automatic image adjustment module may compute a difference, or adjustment offset, between a user's adjustment to a subset of the raw images and the curves for each image of the subset of images. The trained algorithm, followed by the adjustment offset, may then be applied to a new image.

Some embodiments may include a means for automatically adjusting an image. For example, an automatic image adjustment module may receive image pairs, including raw and adjusted images, and, in some embodiments, a user input, and may generate one or more algorithms capable of automatically adjusting a new image, as described herein. The automatic image adjustment module may in some embodiments be implemented by a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium and one or more processors (e.g., CPUs and/or GPUs) of a computing apparatus. The computer-readable storage medium may store program instructions executable by the one or more processors to cause the computing apparatus to perform receiving image pairs, including raw and adjusted images, and, in some embodiments, a user input, and may generate one or more algorithms capable of automatically adjusting a new image, as described herein. Other embodiments of the automatic image adjustment module may be at least partially implemented by hardware circuitry and/or firmware stored, for example, in a non-volatile memory.

Turning now to FIG. 1, automatic image adjustment module 100 may implement one or more embodiments of automatic image adjustment, as described herein. In the embodiment shown, automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive image database 102, which may include image pairs of raw images 104 and corresponding adjusted images 106. Automatic image adjustment module may also receive user input 108 (via user interface 110) and new image 112, and may output an adjusted version of new image 112, adjusted new image 120.

In one embodiment, image database 102 may include a plurality of photographs. For example, image database 102 may include 5000 raw images 104, which may be the original RAW format images straight from the camera (i.e., all the information recorded by the camera sensor is available) and may also include adjusted versions of the RAW images, adjusted images 106. The images may cover a variety of scenes, subjects, and lighting conditions. For example, the dataset of raw images 102 may include difficult cases such as images with back-lighting and foggy scenes. In one embodiment, the image resolution of raw images 102 may range from 6 to 21 megapixels. The dataset may contain photos from a variety of different cameras and lenses. Raw images 102 may include images taken using automatic exposure and may also include images taken in which the exposure was manually set. In one embodiment, image database 102 may include multiple sets of adjusted images 106. For example, image database 102 may include five sets of 5000 adjusted images 106 that correspond to the 5000 raw images 104. In this example, an image pair may be a raw image 104 and one of the corresponding adjusted images 106 from any of the five sets. One example of a type of adjustment made to raw images 104 that may be reflected in adjusted images 106 includes tonal adjustments. Adjusted images 106 may be the result of adjusting raw images 104 with image editing or retouching software. This software may provide an interface composed of several sliders and a tone curve to perform adjustments, such as brightness, contrast, exposure, and black level. In one embodiment, adjusted images 106 may be adjusted using sliders of retouching software that correspond to a global remapping of pixel values. This may include fourteen controls for the tone curve and two controls for the white balance. In addition, adjusted images 106 may also include adjustments made by using a slider that selectively brightens shadow regions of an image. An example of a raw image 104 and corresponding adjusted images 106 are shown in FIGS. 2A-F. An example raw image 104 is shown in FIG. 2B and five corresponding adjusted images 106 are shown in FIGS. 2B through 2F. In the example shown in FIG. 2, five retouchers have produced diverse adjusted versions (FIGS. 2B through 2F) from a sunset mood (FIG. 2B) to a daylight look (FIG. 2F).

One example of a categorization of image database 102, which may be used in various embodiments, is illustrated in FIG. 7A. In one embodiment, a tool (electronic, human, or otherwise) may be used to assign categories to the images. In the illustrated example, each photo has been categorized according to the following categories: scene, time of day, light, and subject. Each category may also include multiple subcategories (e.g., day, dusk, dawn, night, hard to tell for “time of day”). Other image databases 102 may include a different categorical breakdown of images. FIG. 7B illustrates a sample ranking of sets of corresponding adjusted images of one or more raw images 104 that may be used in various embodiments. 100% may correspond to a more favorable set of adjusted images while 0% may correspond to a less favorable set. For example, the photographs of FIGS. 2B-2F may each be one adjusted image in different sets of adjusted images (e.g., the photograph of FIG. 2B belongs to a set A of retoucher A, the photograph of FIG. 2C belongs to a set B of retoucher B, etc.). The sets of adjusted images are represented in FIG. 7B by A-E and may correspond to a collection of images adjusted by a single retoucher or group of retouchers. The sets A-E, may fall somewhere on a ranking scale. As shown in FIG. 7B, sets that include adjusted images shown in FIGS. 2D and 2F (sets/retouchers C and E) may belong to sets with favorable retouching than the set that the adjusted image of FIG. 2C belongs to (set/retoucher B).

Referring back to FIG. 1, in various embodiments, image database 102 may be included as part of automatic image adjustment module 100 and not as a stand alone database. Further, multiple image databases 102 may be present. The databases may include a black and white database or an HDR database. Image database 102 may allow automatic image adjustment module 100 to enable supervised learning to learn global adjustments, such as global tonal adjustments, as opposed to techniques that seek to train from only adjusted images. In one embodiment, image database 102 may allow automatic image adjustment module 100 to learn image adjustment preferences of a new user from adjustments made to a small set of images. In various embodiments, image database 102 may allow automatic image adjustment module 100 to predict a difference in image adjustment preference for a new user.

In one embodiment, automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive user input 108 via user interface 110. User interface 110 may include a keyboard, touch screen device, microphone, or pointing device (e.g., mouse, trackball, stylus, or other similar devices). In one embodiment, user input 108 may include adjustments made with sliders that correspond to global adjusting of pixel values. User input 108 may include other types of adjustments as well. Adjustments made by user input 108 may be to images of image database 102 or to other images.

In one embodiment, new image 112 may be an image, not contained in image database 102, to which a global adjustment is made to its pixels. The global adjustment made to the pixels of new image 112 may result in adjusted new image 120. New image 112 may be taken with a different camera and lens combination than the images of image database 102 and may be of any subject matter, scene, and under any conditions or camera settings.

In one embodiment, automatic image adjustment module 100 may include supervised learning module 114. Supervised learning module 114 may learn adjustments made by a photographer given a collection of image pairs that may include raw images 102 and adjusted images 106. In one embodiment, adjustments to an image may be represented as a remapping curve from input luminance to output luminance, using the CIE-Lab color space for its reasonably perceptual uniformity. If the image data is RGB data, it may be converted to the luminance color space and the curve may be determined by comparing the original image data to adjusted image data. The curve may be global such that every pixel is treated the same way. In one embodiment, each remapping curve may be represented by a spline with 51 uniformly sampled control points. The spline may be fit to pairs of input-output luminance values in a least-squares sense. Focusing on a select number of control points may allow for a more compact representation of adjustments that may include millions of inputs and outputs. In one embodiment, the exposure may be normalized to the same baseline by linearly remapping the luminance values of each image such that the minimum luminance value may be 0 and the maximum may be 100. In one embodiment, each learning curve may be approximated by using the first principal component analysis (PCA) coefficient. This may allow each curve to be summarized with a single number.

In various embodiments, features of the images included in the remapping curves (and spline) may be represented by descriptors. Descriptors may be computed using various techniques. The features used in supervised learning module 114 may range from low level descriptions of luminance distribution to high-level aspects such as face detection. Features may include intensity distributions, scene brightness, equalization curves, detail-weighted equalization curves, highlight clipping, spatial distributions, and faces. In one embodiment, before computing features, the images may be resized such that their long edge is 500 pixels.

In one embodiment, supervised learning module 114 may use the feature of intensity distributions. Photographers may rely on the distribution of intensities as depicted by a log-scale histogram to adjust the tonal balance. The mean of the distribution of the log-intensity log (R+G+B) may be computed with its percentiles sampled every 2%. Further, the same percentiles may be evaluated on two Gaussian-convoluted versions of the photo (σ=10 and σ=30) to account for tonal distributions at larger scales. In one embodiment, the image may be blurred and percentiles may be computed a second time to simulate as if one was looking at the image from farther away.

In one embodiment, supervised learning module 114 may use the feature of scene brightness. Dark and bright scenes may be adjusted differently. Accordingly, scene brightness may be evaluated with (Ŷ×N²)/(Δt×ISO), where Ŷ is the median intensity, N is the lens aperture number that is inversely proportional to the aperture radius, Δt is the exposure duration, and ISO is the sensor gain. Settings from the camera such as the lens aperture number may be obtained from image metadata. Scene brightness may be proportional to the light power reaching the camera sensor and may assume that no filter is attached.

Supervised learning module 114 may also use equalization curves. Histogram equalization may allow a coarse approximation of the entire available intensity range. In one embodiment, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the image intensities may be computed for each image and projected onto the first five PCA components.

In one embodiment, supervised learning module 114 may use the feature of detail-weighted equalization curves. Detailed regions of images may receive more attention. As a result, supervised learning module 114 may use this feature. Detail-weighted equalization curves may be represented by weighting each pixel by the gradient magnitude, and then computing the first five PCA coefficients of the CDF. The gradients may be estimated with Gaussian derivatives for σ=1, σ=100, and σ=200. This may account for details at different scales.

In one embodiment, supervised learning module 114 may use the feature of highlight clipping. Highlight clipping may measure the amount of highlight that gets clipped. The label values that clip 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the image may be computed.

In one embodiment, supervised learning module 114 may use the feature of spatial distributions. This may include the fraction of highlights, midtones, and shadows and how a given tone range is spatially distributed. The intensity range may be split into 10 intervals. For each interval, a 2D spatial Gaussian may be fit to the corresponding pixels. The feature value may be the area of the fitted Gaussian divided by the number of pixels. The xy coordinates of the center of the Gaussian may also be used as a feature that represents the coarse spatial distribution of tones.

Supervised learning module 114 may use the feature of faces in various embodiments. Faces may be a main subject of photographs and the adjustment of faces may be a priority over other content. Further, face adjustment may follow different guidelines than other content. Faces may be detected and the following features may be computed: intensity percentiles within facial regions (if none, the percentiles of the whole image may be used), total area, mean xy location, and number of faces). Any type of face detector may be used. In various embodiments, supervised learning module 114 may use other features such as local histograms, color distributions, and scene descriptors.

By describing the images in terms of features, supervised learning module 114 may use the features to learn how adjustments are made to images, without regard to individual pixels. In one embodiment, the computed features may include 266 numbers for each image.

In one embodiment, supervised learning module 114, given image database 102, may learn to adjust images similarly to the adjustments of adjusted images 106. In one embodiment, supervised learning module 114 may learn global tonal adjustment, which may not include hue, saturation, color, vibrance, or white balance changes, such that the luminance of an input pixel applied to a remapping curve may give the luminance of the output pixel. For example, adjustments to the luminance channel may include changes to aspects including: black points, highlights, shadows, contrast, brightness and exposure. The data from the curves may be processed by a regression algorithm, such as linear regression, least-squares regression (LSR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, or Gaussian Processes Regression (GPR). In one embodiment, LASSO may perform a linear regression on a sparse subset of the input dimensions and the algorithm may be trained using 5-fold cross-validation on the training set. Using a regression algorithm may allow supervised learning module 114 to describe image adjustments with a single number. Using a regression algorithm to describe image adjustments may be described as training the algorithm. Image adjustments may be described for the entire image database 102 or for a subset of the images, or training set. The result of the regression algorithm may be a formula that may be used to predict and make image adjustments to new images 112. In one embodiment, the analysis performed by the regression algorithm on the descriptor vectors may result in a first PCA number for the curve of each image.

FIG. 8 is a table that illustrates the error in predicting a user's adjustment using a variety of techniques. The calculated values in FIG. 8 represent predicting a user's adjustment based on a set of adjusted images 106 that were retouched in a similar manner to FIG. 2D. For reference, a lower error value means less error. The variety of techniques used include: no adjustment at all, i.e., using the identity as remapping curve; the commercial software Google® Picasa®, which may also used by a conventional method (this tool may not use image database 102); the mean curve of the testing set; metric-learning using 25 sensors; least-squares regression (LSR); LASSO set to keep about 50 features; GPR; and a leave-one-out performance of metric-learning. As shown, regression techniques may perform significantly better, in terms of error, than other approaches.

Turning back to FIG. 1, as an example embodiment using GPR, adjustments to new image 112 may proceed in two steps, with the first step corresponding to training the algorithm. During training, GPR may optimize the hyper-parameters of a covariance function so that it may explain the training set. Then, when predicting adjustments to new image 112, known as run-time, the covariance function may be used to drive the combination of a selection of some of the training curves. In one embodiment, given a new image 112, 266 numbers representing features of the new image may be computed and fed to GPR. In one embodiment, the selection of training curves may include selecting several nearest neighbors and combining them in a weighted combination. For example, curves of images 1, 14, 15, 16, 94, 104, 1603, and 2300 may be combined at weights 1%, 3%, 3%, 1%, 35%, 0.3%, 7%, and 49.7% respectively for a particular new image 112. For other new images 112, the nearest neighbors and weights may be different. In one embodiment, each training curve may be represented for a given new image 112. For example, if a training set includes 2500 images, each of the 2500 images may be selected and combined but many of the curves may be weighted by a near-zero percentage, such as 0.001% so that the nearest neighbors may be weighted more heavily and non-nearest neighbors may not be weighted heavily. In one embodiment, training curves with a weight below a certain threshold may be clipped to simplify and expedite computation. Other techniques to generate a curve for new image 112 may be used as well. For example, supervised learning module 114 may find a similar image to new image 112 in image database 102 and apply its curve to new image 112. In one embodiment, when predicting an adjustment to new image 112, a full curve may be used to globally adjust the new image, not a simplified curve that includes only the first PCA component. In other words, in one embodiment, training the algorithm may use just the first PCA coefficient while predicting using the trained algorithm may use a full set of curve parameters. In various embodiments, the algorithm may be trained in another component and not by supervised learning module 114. In such embodiments, the pre-trained algorithm may be used by supervised learning module 114 to adjust new images.

FIG. 9 illustrates example prediction errors using one embodiment of a trained covariance function. One example represents a GPR covariance trained on a training set of 2500 images but using only a small number (n) of curves at run-time for prediction. Another example represents a GPR covariance trained with only n images and using the same n images for prediction, which, as a result, may reduce the size of the training set. Thus, the first example utilizes a rich training set while the second example uses a small training set. The two examples show that using a well-trained covariance function may yield better prediction results given the same small number of run-time data. As shown in FIG. 9, the well-trained covariance function may predict, with the same amount of error, learning from only 10 photos that the lesser-trained covariance function may predict learning from 30 photos. FIG. 9 also shows a baseline covariance trained on a set of 2500 images and using all 2500 curves at run-time for prediction. This is seen as the horizontal line just below a 5 prediction error.

Referring back to FIG. 1, in one embodiment, automatic image adjustment module 100 may include transferred adjustment module 116. Transferred adjustment module 116 may learn the adjustments of a new user. The new user may adjust a small set of images S, for example, from image database 102. In one embodiment, S may include tens of images for a user to adjust. For example, S may include 25 images. The small set of images S that the new user adjusts may be a subset of image database 102. In one embodiment, the small set of images S may be the most useful photos of the image database 102 to learn a new user's adjustment. The small set of images S may be selected with a sensor placement technique. In one embodiment, GPR may be run on a large set L of image pairs from image database 102 to compute a covariance function Σ_(L). This may be performed by supervised learning module 114. The covariance function Σ_(L) that is trained on L may be used by GPR to run an interpolation on the curves of the small set S. In one embodiment, the curves of the small set S may be computed by GPR in the same manner the curves were computed for the images of large set S. Given new image 112, GPR may produce weights for the curves of the small set of images S. Descriptors may be computed for new image 112 and then weighted and combined accordingly to generate adjusted new image 120. The computation and weighting may collectively be referred to, in some embodiments, as the transferred adjustment.

FIGS. 10A-10E illustrate performance in predicting an adjustment using a small set of images S and a large set L, according to some embodiments. FIG. 10F is a summary illustration of FIGS. 10A-10E. In each FIG. 10A-10F, the prediction accuracy as a function of size S is shown. Each FIG. 10A-10E includes a plot of the accuracy for sensor placement selection (solid line), for a random selection (average in the dash-dotted black line, up to one standard deviation in gray), and of a leave-one-out test (dashed gray line). The figures illustrate an improvement in the prediction when utilizing one or more of: image database 102, which may include subsets S and L; metric learning with GPR; or sensor placement. The improvement may be even greater for large values of S.

In one embodiment, automatic image adjustment module 100 may include difference learning module 118. Difference learning module 118 may learn the difference in a new user's adjustment preferences over a reference predicted adjustment. In one embodiment, difference learning module 118 may use only a few images that may be arbitrarily selected. Further, the few images may include images that are not included in image database 102. If the images are included in image database 102, sensor placement or other such techniques may not be needed to optimize difference learning module 118. However, in some embodiments, difference learning module 118 may use such techniques to optimize which images a new user adjusts. By randomly choosing pictures for training, difference learning module 118 may learn adjustment preferences on-the-fly. Given new image 112, difference learning module 118 may predict both a reference adjustment and the difference between the reference adjustment and the new user's adjustment. In other words, difference learning module 118 may apply a predictive adjustment followed by a predictive correction to generate adjusted new image 120. In some embodiments, the reference predictive adjustment may be determined by supervised learning module 114, as described herein.

In one embodiment, GPR may be trained on a large training set L of images, such as image database 102. Then, reference curves for each photo of a small set of images S may be predicted. The difference between the predicted curves of S and the new user's curves for those images may be computed. The computed differences yield a series of adjustment offsets, o. Given new image 112, a reference adjustment r may be predicted using the covariance Σ_(L) and the adjustments in L. Then, an adjustment offset o may be predicted using the L covariance Σ_(L) and the offsets computed on S. The adjustment offset o may be added to the reference adjustment r such that for new image 112, a combined adjustment r+o may be applied to new image 112 resulting in adjustment new image 120.

FIG. 11 illustrates example prediction errors based on a number of sample photographs in a sample set, according to various embodiments. The bottom two plots of FIG. 11 represent lower prediction errors and may be predictions made according to embodiments of difference learning module 118. As shown in the bottom two plots, as few as 3 sample photographs (n=3) may yield better results. Also shown, in the bottom-most plot, selecting photographs with sensor placement, in conjunction with difference learning, may yield improved prediction with as few as two example photographs.

Using supervised learning to predict image adjustments may predict adjustments to new images better than image adjustment techniques that rely on a set of rules, (e.g., if the right side of the image is dark, make it brighter) or only on unsupervised learning (only using the adjusted images and not the pre-adjusted images). The disclosed techniques may analyze adjustments that a photographer or user has made and predict adjustments to new images based on that analysis.

Turning now to FIG. 3, one embodiment of a method of automatically globally adjusting a new image is shown. In one embodiment, automatic image adjustment module 100 may perform the method of FIG. 3. While the blocks are shown in a particular order for ease of understanding, other orders may be used. In some embodiments, the method of FIG. 3 may include additional (or fewer) blocks than shown.

At 302, automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive a plurality of image pairs. In one embodiment, image pairs may include a raw image 104 and a corresponding adjusted image 106. Adjusted image 106 is said to correspond to raw image 104 because it is an adjusted version of the raw image. Automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive, in one embodiment, 5000 image pairs. Automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive additional sets of adjusted images 106 that correspond to raw images 104.

At 304, automatic image adjustment module 100 may generate a plurality of training curves by training a regression algorithm. Each of the plurality of curves may relate one or more parameters of a raw image 104 to a corresponding adjusted image 106 of an image pair. The parameters that the plurality of curves may be based upon may include tonal parameters such as black points, highlights, shadows, contract, brightness and exposure. The parameters may be described in terms of features such as intensity distributions, scene brightness, equalization curves, detail-weighted equalization curves, highlight clipping, spatial distributions, and faces. In one embodiment, a regression algorithm, for example, a GPR algorithm, may be used to compute a training curve for each image pair by analyzing 266 descriptor vectors, given by the described features. Each training curve may be represented with a first PCA coefficient. The plurality of curves may be seen as hyper-parameters of a covariance function that may explain the training set image pairs.

At 306, automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive new image 112. New image 112 may be an image not contained in image database 102. New image 112 may be taken with a different camera and lens combination than those images of image database 102 and may be of any subject matter, scene, and under any conditions or camera settings.

At 308, automatic image adjustment module 100 may globally adjust one or more parameters of new image 112. In one embodiment, globally adjusting one or more parameters of new image 112 may result in adjusted new image 120. In one embodiment, the trained regression algorithm, for example, GPR, may use the covariance function computed in block 304 to drive a combination of training curves to optimize adjustment of a new image. The training curves may be combined in a weighted manner. In one embodiment, the selection of training curves may include selecting several nearest neighbors and combining them in a weighted combination. Further, the curves used to globally adjust one or more parameters of new image 112 may include the fully array of PCA coefficients, and not just the first coefficient. The composite weighted training curve may be applied globally to the luminance of an input pixel to determine the luminance of an output pixel. In some embodiments, performing block 308 may result in adjusted new image 120.

Turning now to FIG. 4, one embodiment of a method of automatically globally adjusting a new image based on a new user's adjustments is shown. In one embodiment, automatic image adjustment module 100 may perform the method of FIG. 4. While the blocks are shown in a particular order for ease of understanding, other orders may be used. In some embodiments, the method of FIG. 4 may include additional (or fewer) blocks than shown.

In one embodiment, the method of FIG. 4 may include blocks 302-306 of the method of FIG. 3. At 402, automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive adjustments to a subset of images. The subset of images may be a subset of image database 102. In one embodiment, the subset of images may be selected such that the subset of images is the most useful to learn a new user's adjustment preferences. In one embodiment, the subset of images may be selected with a sensor placement technique. The subset of images may in the range of tens of images, for example, 20 to 30 images.

At 404, automatic image adjustment module 100 may compute a transferred adjustment by correlating the trained regression algorithm to the adjustment of the subset of images. In one embodiment, curves of the subset of images may be computed by a regression algorithm, such as GPR, in a similar manner to the computation of the curves of the larger set of images. In one embodiment, the covariance function trained on L, from block 304 of FIG. 3, may be used to run GPR interpolation on the curves of the subset of images resulting in the transferred adjustment.

At 406, automatic image adjustment module 100 may globally adjust one or more parameters of new image 112. In one embodiment, the transferred adjustment that results from the GPR interpolation on the subset of images may be applied to new image 112. Given new image 112, GPR may produce weights for the curves of the subset of images. In one embodiment, descriptors may be computed for new image 112 and then weighted and combined accordingly. In some embodiments, performing block 406 may result in adjusted new image 120.

Turning now to FIG. 5, one embodiment of a method of automatically globally adjusting a new image based on the difference between a new user's adjustments and predicted adjustments is shown. In one embodiment, automatic image adjustment module 100 may perform the method of FIG. 5. While the blocks are shown in a particular order for ease of understanding, other orders may be used. In some embodiments, the method of FIG. 5 may include additional (or fewer) blocks than shown.

In one embodiment, the method of FIG. 5 may include blocks 302-306 of the method of FIG. 3. At 502, automatic image adjustment module 100 may receive an adjustment to a subset of images. The subset of images may be a subset of image database 102 or it may be a set of images not included in image database 102. The subset of images may include a few images (e.g., 2 or 3). The adjustments to the subset of images may be represented by descriptor vectors. For example, in one embodiment, the adjustments may be represented by 266 values.

At 504, automatic image adjustment module 100 may compute an adjustment offset. The adjustment offset may be the difference between the adjustment to the subset of images and the curves for each image. In one embodiment, reference curves for each image of the subset of images may be predicted. The difference between the predicted curves of the subset of images and the new user's curves (which may be computed from the descriptor vectors) for those images may be computed. The computed differences may yield a series of adjustment offsets, o.

At 506, automatic image adjustment module 100 may globally adjust one or more parameters of new image 112. Globally adjusting one or more parameters of new image 112 may include the trained regression algorithm performing a weighted combination of the plurality of curves to new image 112 resulting in a predictive adjustment. The adjustment offset (predictive correction) may then be applied to the predictive adjustment. In some embodiments, performing block 506 may result in adjusted new image 120.

Example System

Embodiments of automatic image adjustment techniques may be executed on one or more computer systems, which may interact with various other devices. One such computer system is illustrated by FIG. 6. In different embodiments, computer system 600 may be any of various types of devices, including, but not limited to, a personal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device, a consumer device, video game console, handheld video game device, application server, storage device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any type of computing or electronic device.

In the illustrated embodiment, computer system 600 includes one or more processors 610 coupled to a system memory 620 via an input/output (I/O) interface 630. Computer system 600 further includes a network interface 640 coupled to I/O interface 630, and one or more input/output devices 650, such as cursor control device 660, keyboard 670, and display(s) 680. In some embodiments, it is contemplated that embodiments may be implemented using a single instance of computer system 600, while in other embodiments multiple such systems, or multiple nodes making up computer system 600, may be configured to host different portions or instances of embodiments. For example, in one embodiment some elements may be implemented via one or more nodes of computer system 600 that are distinct from those nodes implementing other elements.

In various embodiments, computer system 600 may be a uniprocessor system including one processor 610, or a multiprocessor system including several processors 610 (e.g., two, four, eight, or another suitable number). Processors 610 may be any suitable processor capable of executing instructions. For example, in various embodiments, processors 610 may be general-purpose or embedded processors implementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures (ISAs), such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, or any other suitable ISA. In multiprocessor systems, each of processors 610 may commonly, but not necessarily, implement the same ISA.

In some embodiments, at least one processor 610 may be a graphics processing unit. A graphics processing unit or GPU may be considered a dedicated graphics-rendering device for a personal computer, workstation, game console or other computing or electronic device. Modern GPUs may be very efficient at manipulating and displaying computer graphics, and their highly parallel structure may make them more effective than typical CPUs for a range of complex graphical algorithms. For example, a graphics processor may implement a number of graphics primitive operations in a way that makes executing them much faster than drawing directly to the screen with a host central processing unit (CPU). In various embodiments, automatic image adjustment methods disclosed herein may, at least in part, be implemented by program instructions configured for execution on one of, or parallel execution on two or more of, such GPUs. The GPU(s) may implement one or more application programmer interfaces (APIs) that permit programmers to invoke the functionality of the GPU(s). Suitable GPUs may be commercially available from vendors such as NVIDIA Corporation, ATI Technologies (AMD), and others.

System memory 620 may be configured to store program instructions and/or data accessible by processor 610. In various embodiments, system memory 620 may be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In the illustrated embodiment, program instructions and data implementing desired functions, such as those described above are shown stored within system memory 620 as program instructions 625 and data storage 635, respectively. In other embodiments, program instructions and/or data may be received, sent or stored upon different types of computer-accessible media or on similar media separate from system memory 620 or computer system 600. Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include storage media or memory media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or CD/DVD-ROM coupled to computer system 600 via I/O interface 630. Program instructions and data stored via a computer-accessible medium may be transmitted by transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, which may be conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link, such as may be implemented via network interface 640.

In one embodiment, I/O interface 630 may be configured to coordinate I/O traffic between processor 610, system memory 620, and any peripheral devices in the device, including network interface 640 or other peripheral interfaces, such as input/output devices 650. In some embodiments, I/O interface 630 may perform any necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to convert data signals from one component (e.g., system memory 620) into a format suitable for use by another component (e.g., processor 610). In some embodiments, I/O interface 630 may include support for devices attached through various types of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, for example. In some embodiments, the function of I/O interface 630 may be split into two or more separate components, such as a north bridge and a south bridge, for example. In addition, in some embodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface 630, such as an interface to system memory 620, may be incorporated directly into processor 610.

Network interface 640 may be configured to allow data to be exchanged between computer system 600 and other devices attached to a network, such as other computer systems, or between nodes of computer system 600. In various embodiments, network interface 640 may support communication via wired or wireless general data networks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example; via telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networks or digital fiber communications networks; via storage area networks such as Fibre Channel SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/or protocol.

Input/output devices 650 may, in some embodiments, include one or more display terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices, voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable for entering or retrieving data by one or more computer system 600. Multiple input/output devices 650 may be present in computer system 600 or may be distributed on various nodes of computer system 600. In some embodiments, similar input/output devices may be separate from computer system 600 and may interact with one or more nodes of computer system 600 through a wired or wireless connection, such as over network interface 640.

As shown in FIG. 6, memory 620 may include program instructions 625, configured to implement embodiments as described herein, and data storage 635, comprising various data accessible by program instructions 625. In one embodiment, program instructions 625 may include software elements of embodiments as illustrated in the above Figures. Data storage 635 may include data that may be used in embodiments. In other embodiments, other or different software elements and data may be included.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system 600 is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of an automatic image adjustment module as described herein. In particular, the computer system and devices may include any combination of hardware or software that can perform the indicated functions, including a computer, personal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device, network device, internet appliance, PDA, wireless phones, pagers, a consumer device, video game console, handheld video game device, application server, storage device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any type of computing or electronic device. Computer system 600 may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, or instead may operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, the functionality provided by the illustrated components may in some embodiments be combined in fewer components or distributed in additional components. Similarly, in some embodiments, the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not be provided and/or other additional functionality may be available.

Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various items are illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices for purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of the software components may execute in memory on another device and communicate with the illustrated computer system via inter-computer communication. Some or all of the system components or data structures may also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on a computer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by an appropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. In some embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible medium separate from computer system 600 may be transmitted to computer system 600 via transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Accordingly, the present disclosure may be practiced with other computer system configurations.

CONCLUSION

Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include storage media or memory media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or DVD/CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, DDR, RDRAM, SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc., as well as transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as network and/or a wireless link.

The various methods as illustrated in the Figures and described herein represent example embodiments of methods. The methods may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof. The order of method may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, etc.

Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. It is intended that the disclosure embrace all such modifications and changes and, accordingly, the above description to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: receiving a plurality of image pairs, wherein each image pair of the plurality of image pairs includes a raw image and an adjusted image, the adjusted image being an adjusted version of the raw image; generating a plurality of curves that each relate one or more parameters of the raw image to a corresponding adjusted image of an image pair, wherein said generating comprises training a regression algorithm; receiving a new image; and globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image based on the plurality of curves.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image includes the trained regression algorithm performing a weighted combination of the plurality of curves and applying the weighted combination to the new image.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an adjustment to each image of a subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; and computing a transferred adjustment by correlating the trained regression algorithm to the adjustment to each image of the subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; and wherein the globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image includes applying the transferred adjustment to the new image.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an adjustment to each image of a subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; computing an adjustment offset, wherein the adjustment offset is the difference between the adjustment to the subset of the raw images of the plurality of images and the curve for each image; and wherein the globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image includes the trained regression algorithm performing a weighted combination of the plurality of curves and applying the weighted combination and the adjustment offset to the new image.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the subset of the raw images of the plurality of images is randomly selected.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the regression algorithm is a Gaussian Processes Regression (GPR) algorithm.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters include tonal parameters.
 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing program instructions, wherein the program instructions are computer-executable to implement: receiving a plurality of image pairs, wherein each image pair of the plurality of image pairs includes a raw image and an adjusted image, the adjusted image being an adjusted version of the raw image; generating a plurality of curves that each relate one or more parameters of the raw image to a corresponding adjusted image of an image pair, wherein said generating comprises training a regression algorithm; receiving a new image; and globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image based on the plurality of curves.
 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image includes the trained regression algorithm performing a weighted combination of the plurality of curves and applying the weighted combination to the new image.
 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, further comprising wherein the program instructions are computer-executable to implement: receiving an adjustment to each image of a subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; and computing a transferred adjustment by correlating the trained regression algorithm to the adjustment to each image of the subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; and wherein the globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image includes applying the transferred adjustment to the new image.
 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, further comprising wherein the program instructions are computer-executable to implement: receiving an adjustment to each image of a subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; computing an adjustment offset, wherein the adjustment offset is the difference between the adjustment to the subset of the raw images of the plurality of images and the curve for each image; and wherein the globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image includes the trained regression algorithm performing a weighted combination of the plurality of curves and applying the weighted combination and the adjustment offset to the new image.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the subset of the raw images of the plurality of images is randomly selected.
 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the regression algorithm is a Gaussian Processes Regression (GPR) algorithm.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the one or more parameters include tonal parameters.
 15. A system, comprising: at least one processor; and a memory comprising program instructions, wherein the program instructions are executable by the at least one processor to: receive a plurality of image pairs, wherein each image pair of the plurality of image pairs includes a raw image and an adjusted image, the adjusted image being an adjusted version of the raw image; generate a plurality of curves that each relate one or more parameters of the raw image to a corresponding adjusted image of an image pair, wherein generating the plurality of curves comprises training a regression algorithm; receive a new image; and globally adjust one or more parameters of the new image based on the plurality of curves.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the globally adjusting one or more parameters of the new image includes the trained regression algorithm applying a weighted combination of the plurality of curves to the new image.
 17. The system of claim 15, further comprising wherein the program instructions are executable by the at least one processor to: receive an adjustment to each of a subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; and compute a transferred adjustment by correlating the trained regression algorithm to the adjustment to each image of the subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; and wherein to globally adjust one or more parameters of the new image includes applying the transferred adjustment to the new image.
 18. The system of claim 15, further comprising wherein the program instructions are executable by the at least one processor to: receive an adjustment to each of a subset of the raw images of the plurality of image pairs; compute an adjustment offset, wherein the adjustment offset is the difference between the adjustment to the subset of the raw images of the plurality of images and the curve for each image; and wherein to globally adjust one or more parameters of the new image includes the trained regression algorithm performing a weighted combination of the plurality of curves and applying the weighted combination and adjustment offset to the new image.
 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the regression algorithm is a Gaussian Processes Regression (GPR) algorithm.
 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more parameters include tonal parameters. 